~Oschman JL* and Oschman NH
Nature’s Own Research Association, Dover, New Hampshire, USA
A discovery must be, by definition, at variance with existing knowledge.
Albert Szent-Györgyi [1]
Great spirits have always encountered opposition from mediocre minds. The mediocre mind is incapable of understanding the man who refuses to bow blindly to conventional prejudices and chooses instead to express his opinions courageously and honestly.
~Albert Einstein [2]
The above quotes pertain to some of the investigators and concepts discussed in this report. New vistas in biology and medicine lie before us if we are willing to recognize our biases, blind spots, and unsolved problems. Science and medicine cannot progress when new ideas are rejected without thorough and appropriate investigation. Simply denying the existence of unfamiliar phenomena is a much easier path to follow, and is often the method of choice of the professional skeptics. As an example of taking the easy path, Oliver Heaviside and others replaced Maxwell’s original quaternions with vector algebra, and eliminated the potential fields as “arbitrary” and unnecessary. Faraday’s and Maxwell’s potentials were thought to be purely mathematical entities without physical significance, but this is not so in quantum physics, as was demonstrated by Aharonov and Bohm in 1959. By the end of the 1800’s the Maxwell equations had been reduced from the original 20 to the 4 we find in physics texts today. Deleting the potentials deprived physics, biology and medicine of important theoretical tools for nearly a century. The long-neglected potentials have important implications for biology and medicine
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